أخلاقيات أبحاث الإنسان والحيوان والموافقة

Human Research

Research involving human participants, identifiable human data, medical records, surveys, interviews, biological materials, or clinical interventions must include ethical approval or documented exemption from an appropriate institutional review board, research ethics committee, or equivalent body when required.

Informed Consent

Authors must obtain informed consent when required by law, institutional policy, or ethical standards. Case reports or images involving identifiable patients require consent for publication unless a legally and ethically valid exception applies.

Clinical Trials

Clinical trials should be registered in a recognized public trial registry before or at the start of participant enrollment when required by applicable standards. Trial registration details should be included in the manuscript.

Animal Research

Animal studies must follow applicable institutional, national, and international standards for animal care and use. Authors must report ethical approval details and humane measures taken to reduce harm and ensure welfare.

Privacy and Confidentiality

Manuscripts must not include identifiable patient or participant information unless necessary and supported by consent for publication. Authors should remove unnecessary identifiers from text, images, tables, and supplementary files to ensure privacy and confidentiality.